Footnotes, endnotes, parenthetical citation and bibliographies

Footnotes and endnotes

Parenthetical citation

Bibliographies: Bibliography format is similar to the footnote format.  The key differences are the following:

1. Author given last name first.

2.  Periods separate elements, rather than commas

3. Publication info not in parenthesis

4. No page number given

Footnotes and endnotes

Footnotes and endnotes have the same form, footnotes going at the bottom of the page and endnotes at the end of the paper

Different types of publication have different footnotes. Here are some of the most common.

Note position of punctuation and underlining.

Book, first reference

Author's name, book title (publication place: name of publisher, date of publication), page.

eg Rob Hadgraft, Ipswich Town: Champions of England 1961-62 (London: Desert Island Books Limited, 2003), 76.

Note: Book titles may either be underlined or italicized.

Future reference

Author's last name, page number.

eg

Hadgraft, 93.

Journal, first reference

Author's name, "title of article," Title of journal Volume number (year):pages.

eg B.Robson, "The Glory Years of Ipswich Town " Journal of British Soccer 65 (1987): 46.

Future reference

Author's last name, page number.

eg Robson, 63.

Website, first reference

Author (if known), "name of webpage (title of article)," name of publication (if applicable), date information published on webpage (if known), COMPLETE URL, (date last accessed by you).

eg Phil Hamm, "Pablo released," 31 May 2005, Those Were The Days, http://ipswichtown.rivals.net/default.asp?sid=911&p=2&stid=8382202, (3 June 2005).

use 'n.d' to indicate 'no date' for publication.

If the on-line source is a reprint of a journal or newspaper article, use the same format as for a journal article, and then include the webpage at the end, as above.

Second reference

Author's name, URL.

eg

Hamm, http://ipswichtown.rivals.net/default.asp?sid=911&p=2&stid=8382202.

Newspapers and magazines, first reference

Author's name, "title," Publication (or italicize), Date, page.

eg

Lawrence P. Smith, "Sailing Close to the Wind," Time Magazine, 20 October 1995, 42.

Future reference

Author's last name, page.

Smith, 50.

Primary Sources, first reference